Foot and Ankle Instability: A Clinical Guide to Diagnosis and Surgical Management

I Lateral ankle instability.- 1 Anatomy of lateral ligaments of the ankle.- 2 Biomechanics of lateral ankle instability.- 3. Rotational instability.- 4. Conclusions and clinical implications.- 5. Injury pattern of lateral ankle ligaments.- 6. History and clinical presentation.- 7. Imaging.- 8. Arthroscopy.- 9. Conservative treatment and rehabilitation.- 10. Surgical management of lateral ankle instability.- 11. Results.- 12. Complications.- 13. Conclusions and future evolution.- II Lateral ankle instability including Chopart joint.- 14. Anatomy of Chopart joint ligaments.- 15 Biomechanics of Chopart joint.- 16 Injuries to the midtarsal joints.- 17. History and clinical presentation.- 18 Imaging.- 19. Treatment.- 20 Results.- 21. Complications.- 22. Conclusions.- III The unstable syndesmosis.- 23. Anatomy of syndesmosis.- 24 Biomechanics of syndesmotic instability.- 25. Conclusions and clinical implications.- 26. Injury mechanism.- 27. History and clinical findings.- 28. Imaging.- 29. Arthroscopy.- 30. Conservative treatment and rehabilitation.- 31. Surgical management.- 32. Results.- 33. Complications.- 34. Conclusions.- IV Medial ankle instability (Deltoid-Spring ligament complex).- 35. Anatomy of medial ligaments of the ankle.- 36 Biomechanics of medial ankle instability.- 37. Conclusions and clinical implications.- 38. Injury pattern of medial ankle ligament.- 39.Injury mechanism.- 40. Clinical findings.- 41. Imaging.- 42. Arthroscopy.- 43. Conservative treatment and rehabilitation.- 44. Surgical management of medial ankle instability.- 45. Results.- 46. Complications.- 46. Conclusions and future evolution.- V Deltoid ligament injuries in ankle fractures.- 47. Trauma mechanism.- 48. Diagnosis.- 49. Imaging.- 50. Arthroscopy.- 51. Treatment.- 52. Results.- 53. Complications.- 54. Conclusions.- VI Peritalar instability.- 55. Anatomy of peritalar joints.- 56. Anatomy of peritalar ligaments.- 57. Joint axis and motion.- 58. Biomechanics of peritalar instability.- 59. Conclusions and clinical implications.- 60. History and clinical presentation.- 61. Imaging.- 62. Arthroscopy.- 63. Classification of peritalar instability.- 64. Treatment of peritalar instability.- 65. Results.- 66. Complications.- 67. Conclusions and future evolution.